1. Nrel Solar Data

The shield effect of Earth's atmosphere on solar irradiation. The top image is the annual mean solar irradiation (or insolation) at the top of (TOA); the bottom image shows the annual insolation reaching the Earth's surface after passing through the atmosphere. Note that the two images use the same color scale.Solar irradiance is the per unit area (watt per square metre, W/m 2), received from the in the form of as reported in the range of the measuring instrument.Solar irradiance is often over a given time period in order to report the emitted into the surrounding environment ( per square metre, J/m 2), during that time period. A, mounted on a, is used to measure Direct Normal Irradiance (or beam irradiance)Average annual solar radiation arriving at the top of the Earth's atmosphere is roughly 1361 W/m 2. The Sun's rays are as they pass through the, leaving maximum normal surface irradiance at approximately 1000 W /m 2 at on a clear day. When 1361 W/m 2 is arriving above the atmosphere (when the sun is at the zenith in a cloudless sky), direct sun is about 1050 W/m 2, and global radiation on a horizontal surface at ground level is about 1120 W/m 2.The latter figure includes radiation scattered or reemitted by atmosphere and surroundings. The actual figure varies with the Sun's angle and atmospheric circumstances.

Ignoring clouds, the daily average insolation for the Earth is approximately 6 kWh/m 2 = 21.6 MJ/m 2.The output of, for example, a panel, partly depends on the angle of the sun relative to the panel. One Sun is a unit of, not a standard value for actual insolation. Sometimes this unit is referred to as a Sol, not to be confused with a sol, meaning. Absorption and reflection. Projection effect: One sunbeam one mile wide shines on the ground at a 90° angle, and another at a 30° angle.

The sunbeam distributes its light energy over twice as much area.Insolation onto a surface is largest when the surface directly faces (is normal to) the sun. As the angle between the surface and the Sun moves from normal, the insolation is reduced in proportion to the angle's; see.In the figure, the angle shown is between the ground and the sunbeam rather than between the vertical direction and the sunbeam; hence the sine rather than the cosine is appropriate. A sunbeam one mile (1.6 km) wide arrives from directly overhead, and another at a 30° angle to the horizontal. The of a 30° angle is 1/2, whereas the sine of a 90° angle is 1. Therefore, the angled sunbeam spreads the light over twice the area. Consequently, half as much light falls on each square mile.This 'projection effect' is the main reason why Earth's are much colder than. On an annual average the poles receive less insolation than does the equator, because the poles are always angled more away from the sun than the tropics, and moreover receive no insolation at all for the six months of their respective winters.Absorption effect At a lower angle the light must also travel through more atmosphere.

This attenuates it (by absorption and scattering) further reducing insolation at the surface.Attenuation is governed by the, namely that the or fraction of insolation reaching the surface decreases exponentially in the or (the two notions differing only by a constant factor of ln(10) = 2.303) of the path of insolation through the atmosphere. For any given short length of the path the optical depth is proportional to the quantity of absorbers and scatterers along that length, typically increasing with decreasing altitude. The optical depth of the whole path is then the integral (sum) of those optical depths along the path.When the density of absorbers is layered, that is, depends much more on vertical than horizontal position in the atmosphere, to a good approximation the optical depth is inversely proportional to the projection effect, that is, to the cosine of the zenith angle.

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Since transmittance decreases exponentially with increasing optical depth, as the sun approaches the horizon there comes a point when absorption dominates projection for the rest of the day. With a relatively high level of absorbers this can be a considerable portion of the late afternoon, and likewise of the early morning. Conversely in the (hypothetical) total absence of absorption the optical depth remains zero at all altitudes of the sun, that is, transmittance remains 1, and so only the projection effect applies.Solar potential maps Assessment and mapping of solar potential at the global, regional and country levels has been the subject of significant academic and commercial interest. One of the earliest attempts to carry out comprehensive mapping of solar potential for individual countries was the Solar & Wind Resource Assessment (SWERA) project, funded by the and carried out by the US. Other examples include global mapping by the and other similar institutes, many of which are available on the Global Atlas for Renewable Energy provided by the. A number of commercial firms now exist to provide solar resource data to solar power developers, including 3E, Clean Power Research, Solargis, Vaisala (previously 3Tier), and Vortex, and these firms have often provided solar potential maps for free. In January 2017 the Global Solar Atlas was launched by the, using data provided by Solargis, to provide a single source for high quality solar data, maps, and layers covering all countries.

Nrel Solar Data

Maps of GHI potential by region and country (Note: colors are not consistent across maps). Carries radiant energy in the wavelengths of. Radiant energy may be developed for generation.Solar irradiation figures are used to plan the deployment of.In many countries the figures can be obtained from an insolation map or from insolation tables that reflect data over the prior 30–50 years.Different solar power technologies are able to use different component of the total irradiation. Insolation variation by month; 1984–1993 averages for January (top) and April (bottom)The projection effect can be used to design buildings that are cool in summer and warm in winter, by providing vertical windows on the equator-facing side of the building (the south face in the, or the north face in the ): this maximizes insolation in the winter months when the Sun is low in the sky and minimizes it in the summer when the Sun is high. (The through the sky spans 47 degrees through the year).Civil engineering In and, numerical models of runoff use observations of insolation.This permits estimation of the rate at which water is released from a melting snowpack.Field measurement is accomplished using a.Climate research Irradiance plays a part in. A non-zero average global net radiation at the top of the atmosphere is indicative of Earth's thermal disequilibrium as imposed by.The impact of the lower 2014 TSI value on climate models is unknown. A few tenths of a percent change in the absolute TSI level is typically considered to be of minimal consequence for climate simulations.